LEGAL NOTE 0064: POINTS ON BACKWAGES, REINSTATEMENT, TRANSFER OF WORK
SOURCE: PFIZER, INC. AND/OR REY GERARDO BACARRO, AND/OR FERDINAND CORTES, AND/OR ALFRED MAGALLON, AND/OR ARISTOTLE ARCE VS. GERALDINE VELASCO (G.R. NO. 177467, 9 MARCH 2011, LEONARDO-DE CASTRO, J.) SUBJECTS: BACKWAGES, REINSTATEMENT. (BRIEF TITLE: PFIZER ET AL VS. VELASCO)
STORY OF THE CASE:
VELASCO WAS FIRED BY PFIZER FOR UNAUTHORIZED DEALS AND/OR DISCOUNTS IN MONEY OR SAMPLES AND OTHER ACTS OF DISHONESTY. THE LABOR ARBITER RULED SHE WAS ILLEGALLY DISMISSED. THE NLRC AFFIRMED. BUT THE CA RULED THERE WAS NO ILLEGAL DISMISSAL BUT ORDERED PAYMENT OF BACKWAGES FROM THE DATE VELASCO WAS ORDERED REINSTATED TO THE DATE OF THE DECISION OF THE CA. IS THE RULING CORRECT?
YES. BACKWAGES SHOULD START FROM THE DATE OF THE ORDER OF REINSTATEMENT BECAUSE REINSTATEMENT IS IMMEDIATELY EXECUTORY WITHOUT NEED OF A WRIT. THIS IS BASED ON ROQUERO V. PHILIPPINE AIRLINES, INC.[14] WHICH RULED:
The order of reinstatement is immediately executory. The unjustified refusal of the employer to reinstate a dismissed employee entitles him to payment of his salaries effective from the time the employer failed to reinstate him despite the issuance of a writ of execution. Unless there is a restraining order issued, it is ministerial upon the Labor Arbiter to implement the order of reinstatement. In the case at bar, no restraining order was granted. Thus, it was mandatory on PAL to actually reinstate Roquero or reinstate him in the payroll. Having failed to do so, PAL must pay Roquero the salary he is entitled to, as if he was reinstated, from the time of the decision of the NLRC until the finality of the decision of the Court.[15] (Emphases supplied.)
WHY SHOULD REINSTAMEMENT BE IMMEDIATELY EXECUTORY?
BECAUSE TO REQUIRE THE APPLICATION FOR AND ISSUANCE OF A WRIT OF EXECUTION WILL RENDER THE EXECUTORY NATURE OF REINSTATEMENT INEFFECTUAL BECAUSE AN APPLICAION FOR AND ISSUANCE OF WRIT COULD BE DELAYED FOR NUMEROUS REASONS.
As far back as 1997 in the seminal case of Pioneer Texturizing Corporation v. National Labor Relations Commission,[21]the Court held that an award or order of reinstatement is immediately self-executory without the need for the issuance of a writ of execution in accordance with the third paragraph of Article 223[22] of the Labor Code. In that case, we discussed in length the rationale for that doctrine, to wit:
The provision of Article 223 is clear that an award [by the Labor Arbiter] for reinstatement shall be immediately executory even pending appeal and the posting of a bond by the employer shall not stay the execution for reinstatement. The legislative intent is quite obvious, i.e., to make an award of reinstatement immediately enforceable, even pending appeal. To require the application for and issuance of a writ of execution as prerequisites for the execution of a reinstatement award would certainly betray and run counter to the very object and intent of Article 223,i.e., the immediate execution of a reinstatement order. The reason is simple. An application for a writ of execution and its issuance could be delayed for numerous reasons. A mere continuance or postponement of a scheduled hearing, for instance, or an inaction on the part of the Labor Arbiter or the NLRC could easily delay the issuance of the writ thereby setting at naught the strict mandate and noble purpose envisioned by Article 223. In other words, if the requirements of Article 224 [including the issuance of a writ of execution] were to govern, as we so declared in Maranaw, then the executory nature of a reinstatement order or award contemplated by Article 223 will be unduly circumscribed and rendered ineffectual. In enacting the law, the legislature is presumed to have ordained a valid and sensible law, one which operates no further than may be necessary to achieve its specific purpose. Statutes, as a rule, are to be construed in the light of the purpose to be achieved and the evil sought to be prevented. x x x In introducing a new rule on the reinstatement aspect of a labor decision under Republic Act No. 6715, Congress should not be considered to be indulging in mere semantic exercise. x x x[23] (Italics in the original; emphasis and underscoring supplied.)
WHEN PFIZER RECEIVED THE CA DECISION, IT IMMEDIATELY DIRECTED RESPONDENT TO REPORT FOR WORK BUT INFORMED RESPONDENT THAT INSTEAD OF WORKING IN BAGUIO WHERE SHE WAS ASSIGNED, SHE WILL NOW WORK IN THEIR MAIN OFFICE IN METRO MANILA. BUT RESPONDENT WROTE BACK INFORMING PFIZER SHE WILL NOT ANYMORE REPORT FOR WORK AND SHE WOULD PREFER SEPARATION PAY. IS THIS REASON NOW FOR PFIZER NOT TO PAY BACKWAGES?
NO. BECAUSE THE EMPLOYER WAS NOT ADMITTING HER BACK TO WORKUNDER THE SAME TERMS AND CONDITIONS PREVAILING PRIOR TO HER DISMISSAL OR SEPARATION OR, AT THE OPTION OF THE EMPLOYER, MERELY REINSTATED IN THE PAYROLL.
It would be useful to reproduce here the text of PFIZER’s Letter dated June 27, 2005:
Dear Ms. Velasco:
Please be informed that, pursuant to the resolutions dated 20 October 2004 and 14 December 2004 rendered by the National Labor Relations Commission and the order dated 24 May 2005 issued by Executive Labor Arbiter Vito C. Bose, you are required to report for work on 1 July 2005, at 9:00 a.m., at Pfizer’s main office at the 23rd Floor, Ayala Life–FGU Center, 6811 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, Metro Manila.
Please report to the undersigned for a briefing on your work assignments and other responsibilities, including the appropriate relocation benefits.
For your information and compliance.
Very truly yours,
(Sgd.)
Ma.EdenGrace Sagisi
Labor and Employee Relations Manager[24]
To reiterate, under Article 223 of the Labor Code, an employee entitled to reinstatement “shall either be admitted back to workunder the same terms and conditions prevailing prior to his dismissal or separation or, at the option of the employer, merely reinstated in the payroll.”
It is established in jurisprudence that reinstatement means restoration to a state or condition from which one had been removed or separated. The person reinstated assumes the position he had occupied prior to his dismissal. Reinstatement presupposes that the previous position from which one had been removed still exists, or that there is an unfilled position which is substantially equivalent or of similar nature as the one previously occupied by the employee.[25]
Applying the foregoing principle to the case before us, it cannot be said that with PFIZER’s June 27, 2005 Letter, in belated fulfillment of the Labor Arbiter’s reinstatement order, it had shown a clear intent to reinstate respondent to her former position under the same terms and conditions nor to a substantially equivalent position. To begin with, the return-to-work order PFIZER sent respondent is silent with regard to the position or the exact nature of employment that it wanted respondent to take up as of July 1, 2005. Even if we assume that the job awaiting respondent in the new location is of the same designation and pay category as what she had before, it is plain from the text of PFIZER’s June 27, 2005 letter that such reinstatement was not “under the same terms and conditions” as her previous employment, considering that PFIZER ordered respondent to report to its main office in Makati City while knowing fully well that respondent’s previous job had her stationed in Baguio City (respondent’s place of residence) and it was still necessary for respondent to be briefed regarding her work assignments and responsibilities, including her relocation benefits.
BUT MANAGEMENT HAS THE PREROGATIVE TO TRANSFER AN EMPLOYEE FROM ONE OFFICE TO ANOTHER WITHIN THE COMPANY. CAN THE TRANSFER OF RESPONDENT FROM BAGUIO TO METRO MANILA BE VIEWED AS COVERED BY THIS PREROGATIVE?
SUCH TRANSFER MUST NOT BE A DIMINUTION OF BENEFITS OR PENALY AND MUST NOT BE MADE IN BAD FAITH. IN THIS CASE SURELY THE TRANSFER FROM BAGUIO TO METRO MANILA OF RESPONDENT WHOSE FAMILY IS BASED IN BAGUIO WILL CAUSE HARDSHIP TO HER. AND THERE IS NO JUSTIFICATION FOR HER TRANSFER.
KEY ELEMENTS: NO DIMINUTION OF BENEFITS, MUST NOT BE MADE IN BAD FAITH AND THERE MUST BE JUSTIFICATION.
The Court is cognizant of the prerogative of management to transfer an employee from one office to another within the business establishment, provided that there is no demotion in rank or diminution of his salary, benefits and other privileges and the action is not motivated by discrimination, made in bad faith, or effected as a form of punishment or demotion without sufficient cause.[26] Likewise, the management prerogative to transfer personnel must be exercised without grave abuse of discretion and putting to mind the basic elements of justice and fair play. There must be no showing that it is unnecessary, inconvenient and prejudicial to the displaced employee.[27]
The June 27, 2005 return-to-work directive implying that respondent was being relocated to PFIZER’s Makatimain office would necessarily cause hardship to respondent, a married woman with a family to support residing in BaguioCity. However, PFIZER, as the employer, offered no reason or justification for the relocation such as the filling up of respondent’s former position and the unavailability of substantially equivalent position in BaguioCity. A transfer of work assignment without any justification therefor, even if respondent would be presumably doing the same job with the same pay, cannot be deemed faithful compliance with the reinstatement order. In other words, in this instance, there was no real, bona fide reinstatement to speak of prior to the reversal by the Court of Appeals of the finding of illegal dismissal.
BUT WILL RESPONDENT’S LETTER SAYING SHE DOES NOT WANT TO REPORT FOR WORK BE DEEMED PROOF THAT SHE HAS NO INTENTION EVEN FROM THE BEGINNING TO RETURN TO WORK.
NO. TO RULE IN THE POSITIVE WOULD OPEN THE GATEWAY TO ABUSE BY EMPLOYERS. FORESEEABLY, AN EMPLOYER MAY CIRCUMVENT THE IMMEDIATELY ENFORCEABLE REINSTATEMENT ORDER OF THE LABOR ARBITER BY CRAFTING RETURN-TO-WORK DIRECTIVES THAT ARE AMBIGUOUS OR MEANT TO BE REJECTED BY THE EMPLOYEE AND THEN DISCLAIM LIABILITY FOR BACKWAGES DUE TO NON-REINSTATEMENT BY CAPITALIZING ON THE EMPLOYEE’S PURPORTED REFUSAL TO WORK.
In view of PFIZER’s failure to effect respondent’s actual or payroll reinstatement, it is indubitable that the Roquero ruling is applicable to the case at bar. The circumstance that respondent opted for separation pay in lieu of reinstatement as manifested in her counsel’s Letter[28] dated July 18, 2005 is of no moment. We do not see respondent’s letter as taking away the option from management to effect actual or payroll reinstatement but, rather under the factual milieu of this case, where the employer failed to categorically reinstate the employee to her former or equivalent position under the same terms, respondent was not obliged to comply with PFIZER’s ambivalent return-to-work order. To uphold PFIZER’s view that it was respondent who unjustifiably refused to work when PFIZER did not reinstate her to her former position, and worse, required her to report for work under conditions prejudicial to her, is to open the doors to potential employer abuse. Foreseeably, an employer may circumvent the immediately enforceable reinstatement order of the Labor Arbiter by crafting return-to-work directives that are ambiguous or meant to be rejected by the employee and then disclaim liability for backwages due to non-reinstatement by capitalizing on the employee’s purported refusal to work. In sum, the option of the employer to effect actual or payroll reinstatement must be exercised in good faith.
PETITIONER CLAIMS THAT WHEN RESPONDENT WROTE THEM THAT SHE NO LONGER WANTED TO RETURN TO WORK ANYMORE, SHE IS DEEMED TO HAVE RESIGNED AND THUS SHE CANNOT BE ENTITLED TO SEPARATION PAY FROM DATE OF HER LETTER. IS THIS ARGUMENT CORRECT.
NO. RESPONDENT’S DECISION TO CLAIM SEPARATION PAY OVER REINSTATEMENT HAD NO LEGAL EFFECT, NOT ONLY BECAUSE THERE WAS NO GENUINE COMPLIANCE BY THE EMPLOYER TO THE RULE ON REINSTATEMENT BUT ALSO BECAUSE THE EMPLOYER CHOSE NOT TO ACT ON SAID CLAIM OF RESPONDENT.
Moreover, while the Court has upheld the employer’s right to choose between actually reinstating an employee or merely reinstating him in the payroll, we have also in the past recognized that reinstatement might no longer be possible under certain circumstances. In F.F. Marine Corporation v. National Labor Relations Commission,[29] we had the occasion to state:
It is well-settled that when a person is illegally dismissed, he is entitled to reinstatement without loss of seniority rights and other privileges and to his full backwages. In the event, however, that reinstatement is no longer feasible, or if the employee decides not be reinstated, the employer shall pay him separation pay in lieu of reinstatement. Such a rule is likewise observed in the case of a strained employer-employee relationship or when the work or position formerly held by the dismissed employee no longer exists. In sum, an illegally dismissed employee is entitled to: (1) either reinstatement if viable or separation pay if reinstatement is no longer viable, and (2) backwages.[30] (Emphasis supplied.)
Similarly, we have previously held that an employee’s demand for separation pay may be indicative of strained relations that may justify payment of separation pay in lieu of reinstatement.[31] This is not to say, however, that respondent is entitled to separation pay in addition to backwages. We stress here that a finding of strained relations must nonetheless still be supported by substantial evidence.[32]
In the case at bar, respondent’s decision to claim separation pay over reinstatement had no legal effect, not only because there was no genuine compliance by the employer to the reinstatement order but also because the employer chose not to act on said claim. If it was PFIZER’s position that respondent’s act amounted to a “resignation” it should have informed respondent that it was accepting her resignation and that in view thereof she was not entitled to separation pay. PFIZER did not respond to respondent’s demand at all. As it was, PFIZER’s failure to effect reinstatement and accept respondent’s offer to terminate her employment relationship with the company meant that, prior to the Court of Appeals’ reversal in the November 23, 2005 Decision, PFIZER’s liability for backwages continued to accrue for the period not covered by the writ of execution dated May 24, 2005 until November 23, 2005.
PFIZER ARGUES THAT THE GENUINO CASE IN LIEU OF THE ROQUERO CASE BE APPLIED BECAUSE IT IS MORE JUST. IN THE GENUINO CASE THE COURT SAID THERE SHOULD BE NO BACKWAGES DESPITE REINSTATEMENT ORDER BECAUSE THE DISMISSAL WAS ILLEGAL. IS THIS ARGUMENT CORRECT?
NO THE GENUINO DOCTRINE WAS ALREADY SUPPLANTED BY THE GARCIA RULING. OTHERWISE, THE RULE THAT REINSTATEMENT IS IMMEDIATELY EXECUTORY CANNOT BE IMPLEMENTED.
Lastly, PFIZER exhorts the Court to re-examine the application of Roquero with a view that a mechanical application of the same would cause injustice since, in the present case, respondent was able to gain pecuniary benefit notwithstanding the circumstance of reversal by the Court of Appeals of the rulings of the Labor Arbiter and the NLRC thereby allowing respondent to profit from the dishonesty she committed against PFIZER which was the basis for her termination. In its stead, PFIZER proposes that the Court apply the ruling in Genuino v. National Labor Relations Commission[33] which it believes to be more in accord with the dictates of fairness and justice. In that case, we canceled the award of salaries from the date of the decision of the Labor Arbiter awarding reinstatement in light of our subsequent ruling finding that the dismissal is for a legal and valid ground, to wit:
Anent the directive of the NLRC in its September 3, 1994 Decision ordering Citibank “to pay the salaries due to the complainant from the date it reinstated complainant in the payroll (computed at P60,000.00 a month, as found by the Labor Arbiter) up to and until the date of this decision,” the Court hereby cancels said award in view of its finding that the dismissal of Genuino is for a legal and valid ground.
Ordinarily, the employer is required to reinstate the employee during the pendency of the appeal pursuant to Art. 223, paragraph 3 of the Labor Code, which states:
x x x x
If the decision of the labor arbiter is later reversed on appeal upon the finding that the ground for dismissal is valid, then the employer has the right to require the dismissed employee on payroll reinstatement to refund the salaries s/he received while the case was pending appeal, or it can be deducted from the accrued benefits that the dismissed employee was entitled to receive from his/her employer under existing laws, collective bargaining agreement provisions, and company practices. However, if the employee was reinstated to work during the pendency of the appeal, then the employee is entitled to the compensation received for actual services rendered without need of refund.
Considering that Genuino was not reinstated to work or placed on payroll reinstatement, and her dismissal is based on a just cause, then she is not entitled to be paid the salaries stated in item no. 3 of the fallo of the September 3, 1994 NLRC Decision.[34] (Emphases supplied.)
Thus, PFIZER implores the Court to annul the award of backwages and separation pay as well as to require respondent to refund the amount that she was able to collect by way of garnishment from PFIZER as her accrued salaries.
The contention cannot be given merit since this question has been settled by the Court en banc.
In the recent milestone case of Garcia v. Philippine Airlines, Inc.,[35] the Court wrote finis to the stray posture in Genuinorequiring the dismissed employee placed on payroll reinstatement to refund the salaries in case a final decision upholds the validity of the dismissal. In Garcia, we clarified the principle of reinstatement pending appeal due to the emergence of differing rulings on the issue, to wit:
On this score, the Court’s attention is drawn to seemingly divergent decisions concerning reinstatement pending appeal or, particularly, the option of payroll reinstatement. On the one hand is the jurisprudential trend as expounded in a line of cases including Air Philippines Corp. v. Zamora, while on the other is the recent case of Genuino v. National Labor Relations Commission. At the core of the seeming divergence is the application of paragraph 3 of Article 223 of the Labor Code x x x.
x x x x
The view as maintained in a number of cases is that:
x x x [E]ven if the order of reinstatement of the Labor Arbiter is reversed on appeal, it is obligatory on the part of the employer to reinstate and pay the wages of the dismissed employee during the period of appeal until reversal by the higher court. On the other hand, if the employee has been reinstated during the appeal period and such reinstatement order is reversed with finality, the employee is not required to reimburse whatever salary he received for he is entitled to such, more so if he actually rendered services during the period. (Emphasis in the original; italics and underscoring supplied)
In other words, a dismissed employee whose case was favorably decided by the Labor Arbiter is entitled to receive wages pending appeal upon reinstatement, which is immediately executory. Unless there is a restraining order, it is ministerial upon the Labor Arbiter to implement the order of reinstatement and it is mandatory on the employer to comply therewith.
The opposite view is articulated in Genuino which states:
If the decision of the labor arbiter is later reversed on appeal upon the finding that the ground for dismissal is valid, then the employer has the right to require the dismissed employee on payroll reinstatement to refund the salaries [he] receivedwhile the case was pending appeal, or it can be deducted from the accrued benefits that the dismissed employee was entitled to receive from [his] employer under existing laws, collective bargaining agreement provisions, and company practices. However, if the employee was reinstated to work during the pendency of the appeal, then the employee is entitled to the compensation received for actual services rendered without need of refund.
Considering that Genuino was not reinstated to work or placed on payroll reinstatement, and her dismissal is based on a just cause, then she is not entitled to be paid the salaries stated in item no. 3 of the fallo of the September 3, 1994 NLRC Decision. (Emphasis, italics and underscoring supplied)
It has thus been advanced that there is no point in releasing the wages to petitioners since their dismissal was found to be valid, and to do so would constitute unjust enrichment.
Prior to Genuino, there had been no known similar case containing a dispositive portion where the employee was required to refund the salaries received on payroll reinstatement. In fact, in a catena of cases, the Court did not order the refund of salaries garnished or received by payroll-reinstated employees despite a subsequent reversal of the reinstatement order.
The dearth of authority supporting Genuino is not difficult to fathom for it would otherwise render inutile the rationale of reinstatement pending appeal.
x x x x
x x x Then, by and pursuant to the same power (police power), the State may authorize an immediate implementation, pending appeal, of a decision reinstating a dismissed or separated employee since that saving act is designed to stop, although temporarily since the appeal may be decided in favor of the appellant, a continuing threat or danger to the survival or even the life of the dismissed or separated employee and his family.[36]
Furthermore, in Garcia, the Court went on to discuss the illogical and unjust effects of the “refund doctrine” erroneously espoused in Genuino:
Even outside the theoretical trappings of the discussion and into the mundane realities of human experience, the “refund doctrine” easily demonstrates how a favorable decision by the Labor Arbiter could harm, more than help, a dismissed employee. The employee, to make both ends meet, would necessarily have to use up the salaries received during the pendency of the appeal, only to end up having to refund the sum in case of a final unfavorable decision. It is mirage of a stop-gap leading the employee to a risky cliff of insolvency.
Advisably, the sum is better left unspent. It becomes more logical and practical for the employee to refuse payroll reinstatement and simply find work elsewhere in the interim, if any is available. Notably, the option of payroll reinstatement belongs to the employer, even if the employee is able and raring to return to work. Prior to Genuino, it is unthinkable for one to refuse payroll reinstatement. In the face of the grim possibilities, the rise of concerned employees declining payroll reinstatement is on the horizon.
Further, the Genuino ruling not only disregards the social justice principles behind the rule, but also institutes a scheme unduly favorable to management. Under such scheme, the salaries dispensed pendente lite merely serve as a bond posted in installment by the employer. For in the event of a reversal of the Labor Arbiter’s decision ordering reinstatement, the employer gets back the same amount without having to spend ordinarily for bond premiums. This circumvents, if not directly contradicts, the proscription that the “posting of a bond [even a cash bond] by the employer shall not stay the execution for reinstatement.”
In playing down the stray posture in Genuino requiring the dismissed employee on payroll reinstatement to refund the salaries in case a final decision upholds the validity of the dismissal, the Court realigns the proper course of the prevailing doctrine on reinstatement pending appeal vis-à-vis the effect of a reversal on appeal.
x x x x
The Court reaffirms the prevailing principle that even if the order of reinstatement of the Labor Arbiter is reversed on appeal, it is obligatory on the part of the employer to reinstate and pay the wages of the dismissed employee during the period of appeal until reversal by the higher court. x x x.[37] (Emphasis supplied.)
In sum, the Court reiterates the principle that reinstatement pending appeal necessitates that it must be immediately self-executory without need for a writ of execution during the pendency of the appeal, if the law is to serve its noble purpose, and any attempt on the part of the employer to evade or delay its execution should not be allowed. Furthermore, we likewise restate our ruling that an order for reinstatement entitles an employee to receive his accrued backwages from the moment the reinstatement order was issued up to the date when the same was reversed by a higher court without fear of refunding what he had received. It cannot be denied that, under our statutory and jurisprudential framework, respondent is entitled to payment of her wages for the period after December 5, 2003 until the Court of Appeals Decision dated November 23, 2005, notwithstanding the finding therein that her dismissal was legal and for just cause. Thus, the payment of such wages cannot be deemed as unjust enrichment on respondent’s part.
[1] Rollo, pp. 42-44.
[2] Id. at 65-66.
[3] Id. at 307-323; penned by Associate Justice Rosmari D. Carandang with Associate Justices Andres B. Reyes, Jr. and Monina Arevalo-Zenarosa, concurring.
[4] Id. at 187-201.
[5] Id. at 307-310.
[6] Id. at 201.
[7] Id. at 234-248; penned by NLRC Commissioner Ernesto C. Verceles with Presiding Commissioner Lourdes C. Javier and Commissioner Tito F. Genilo, concurring.
[8] Id. at 247.
[9] Id. at 265-266.
[10] Id. at 322-323.
[11] Id. at 43.
[12] Rollo (G.R. No. 175122), p. 238.
[13] Id. at 403.
[14] 449 Phil. 437 (2003).
[15] Id. at 446.
[16] Rollo, pp. 394-415.
[17] Id. at 405.
[18] G.R. Nos. 142732-33 and 142753-54, December 4, 2007, 539 SCRA 342.
[19] Rollo, p. 411.
[20] Id. at 304.
[21] 345 Phil. 1057 (1997).
[22] In any event, the decision of the Labor Arbiter reinstating a dismissed or separated employee, insofar as the reinstatement aspect is concerned, shall immediately be executory, even pending appeal. The employee shall either be admitted back to work under the same terms and conditions prevailing prior to his dismissal or separation or, at the option of the employer, merely reinstated in the payroll. The posting of a bond by the employer shall not stay the execution for reinstatement provided herein.
[23] Pioneer Texturizing Corporation v. National Labor Relations Commission, supra note 21 at 1075-1076.
[24] Rollo, p. 304.
[25] Asian Terminals, Inc. v. Villanueva, G.R. No. 143219, November 28, 2006, 508 SCRA 346, 352.
[26] Norkis Trading Co., Inc. v. Gnilo, G.R. No. 159730, February 11, 2008, 544 SCRA 279, 289.
[27] Urbanes, Jr. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 138379, November 25, 2004, 444 SCRA 84, 95.
[28] Rollo, pp. 305-306.
[29] 495 Phil. 140 (2005).
[30] Id. at 159.
[31] F.R.F. Enterprises, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Commission, 313 Phil. 493, 502 (1995).
[32] Golden Ace Builders v. Talde, G.R. No. 187200, May 5, 2010.
[33] Supra note 18.
[34] Id. at 363-364.
[35] G.R. No. 164856, January 20, 2009, 576 SCRA 479.
[36] Id. at 488-491.
[37] Id. at 491-493.
J.A.B. Bulao & Associates 